Seasoned operators of commercial vehicles will say they can sense how their vehicles are performing based on the sounds and vibrations the vehicles produce. Today, the latest commercial vehicles can do that on their own via sophisticated communications systems that monitor performance, position the vehicle,schedule needed maintenance, communicate with accessory equipment,and even help drive the vehicle, among other functions.These communications systems require myriad electronic components.

There are a host of vehicles that require complex interconnect systems,such as agricultural vehicles that precisely monitor sprayer output; commercial buses with Wi-Fi networks, plug-and-play entertainment systems for passengers, and multiple security and driver-assist camera systems;and emergency vehicles that process critical data from patient monitoring equipment. For purposes here, Molex focuses on two critical heavyduty applications: agricultural and construction/mining vehicles.
 
Agricultural vehicles with 24/7 communications systems offer important competitive advantages. For example, communications modules in tractors and implements ensure that croplands are precisely planted and harvested with greater efficiency. These modules can regulate distribution of fertilizer and seed, which improves cultivation and crop yields.

Also, if there is a problem with a tractor, combine, or implement, the dealer or the operator can be automatically alerted via wireless communication,depending on the severity of the issue. Since machine uptime is vital, this application can improve farming productivity.Communications systems are obviously a key part of autonomous agricultural vehicles, which free farmers to perform other tasks. Some of these
systems coordinate multiple autonomous vehicles, such as when a tractor grain hauler receives grain from a combine that is harvesting a field of crops.

For construction and mining vehicles, 24/7 communications systems have an added importance. Unlike, agricultural vehicles, which are used heavily for certain periods and then housed, many construction and mining vehicles operate nearly 24/7 for indefinite periods, making maintenance diagnostics and communications systems that much more critical.

Also, multiple cameras and sensors are needed on both agricultural and construction and mining vehicles to ensure safe operation in often dangerous work environments.These communications systems typically include devices such as video cameras and displays, along with complex sensor and control systems that produce large volumes of high-speed data that assist operators with crucial tasks.

Free-flowing data
With more data flowing through commercial vehicles than ever before, communications systems require highspeed connectors and cables that can transmit 5 to 10Gbps of data to transfer images and video. While some of these connectors handle data only, the trend is to use hybrid connectors that can handle both data and power,some of which can be specified with two or four lines of signal and power.
 
One major challenge with hybrid connectors is the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated when power is transmitted through the connectors. As a result, connectors and cables in these systems must be shielded to protect them from EMI and crosstalk. Common shielding methods include individual shielding via aluminum foil for each twisted pair; foil shielding, braided shield or braiding with foil across all of the pairs; and individual shielding via foil between the twisted pair sets combined with an outer foil or braided shielding.
 
While much of this technology is not new, its application to the commercial vehicle industry is more recent.
Manufacturers are now adopting various high-speed protocols that have been used by other industries for
years. The difference is that communications systems for heavy-duty vehicles must be ruggedized,particularly in terms of latching and sealing.That means communications networks in commercial vehicles must provide all the benefits of high-speed networks found in automotive vehicles as well as greater protection from increased vibration, shock, and fluid ingress.Plus, they must accomplish this while being housed in more
complex and denser packages. As a result, high-speed interconnect systems have been modified to meet the challenges emerging from the commercial vehicle industry.


Networking evolution
Typical USB interconnect systems are based on passive,unlatched, plug-in connectors, but automotive USB applications must be latched. As a result, unsealed USB connector systems for automotive applications include shrouds and latches that meet USCAR standards.Compared to automotive applications, however,
heavy-duty, off-highway applications typically require sealed systems with additional protection against increased vibration, shock, and fluid ingress. For that reason,interconnect systems for commercial vehicles require fully protected perimeter seals and wire seals rated to IP67 and IP69K for use in off-highway environments.
 
Sometimes, an even more ruggedized product is required for use on vehicle exteriors. These metalized interconnect systems, which are sometimes available in high-speed CAT 6 versions, are typically sealed, threaded,and have metalized shells and push/pull locks. Some versions can even withstand a 300-lb (1.33-kN) pull force and are designed to withstand the driver of a vehicle standing on the cable when entering or exiting the cab.
 
Likewise, sealing technology that has been tested and approved in other industries can be used in electronic
components for commercial vehicles. That includes different levels of sealing proficiency, from protection against dust or light sprays to protection from a stream of water from a hose to being able to be fully immersed in water. When protecting components from vibration in commercial vehicles, it helps to have multiple contact points within the connector system.
 
Commercial vehicle manufacturers have traditionally used vibration-resistant pin and socket connectors because they provide multiple points of contact for the socket around a cylindrical pin. Their counterparts in the automotive industry, however, have mostly transitioned to less-expensive blade-and-receptacle connectors, which also offer multiple contacts. Commercial vehicle manufacturers are now embracing this trend.
 
Traditionally, blade-and-receptacle connectors were not appropriate for high-vibration environments, but newer designs have been refined to the point where, based on the contact’s geometry, they can withstand up to 20g. For example, the MX123 sealed connection system from Molex is basically a blade-and-receptacle system. It is designed for high-vibration, under-thehood powertrain applications while still maintaining a small packaging size.
 
Changing sensors and standards
Another key component trend in commercial vehicles is the growing use of sensors. The challenge will be determining how information is collected from those sensors and how it is provided to a screen or interface
in a manner that doesn’t overwhelm the operator.
 
Both the types of sensors and their sheer numbers are increasing, including sensors for lighting, air/tire pressure, current, and positioning, along with gas, brake, and hydraulic fluid levels. Sensors specific to agricultural vehicles include hopper level, application-rate, and high-rate seed sensors.

Also, the manner in which sensors and connectors are specified in communication systems is evolving. Agricultural vehicle manufacturers tend to follow ISO Bus communications standards such as ISO 11783, and construction and mining vehicle manufacturers tend to follow SAE standards. In addition, commercial vehicle manufacturers also use their internal proprietary specifications for higher-level communications, which make vehicles and equipment made by the same manufacturer interoperable.
 
However, this also means they may not effectively communicate with equipment made by other manufacturers. While these proprietary specifications and requirements are a problem for customers
using vehicles from different manufacturers, it allows individual manufacturers to differentiate their products and develop a competitive edge for their vehicles. For example, many manufacturers of connectors for commercial vehicles work with the SAE J2030 specification, which encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component.The specification describes the minimum criteria needed to establish that a connector will work in a ruggedized application.


When developing a connector for commercial vehicles, Molex will typically test it to J2030 because that provides the company with a“calling card” when it wants to qualify the part with a customer, such as
Caterpillar or John Deere. Customers may accept a part based on it passing J2030, then test it further to determine if it meets their own internal specifications. Some manufacturers share those internal specifications
with suppliers and some do not.Managing the ‘pizza box’One thing to keep in mind when designing a high-speed and high-power interconnect system for a commercial vehicle is that it is part of an overall vehicle architecture involving high-speed communications and high-power electrification systems. For example, in addition to standard body/chassis, safety, powertrain, and infotainment connectors, an emerging trend is toward electric drives and accessory connector systems for high-voltage power applications.

A large number of wires and connections are routed to control modules that can be the size of a pizza box. Just trying to get the mixture of straight and right-angle entry wires routed through the vehicle is an ever-increasing challenge. As a result, smaller, lighter, and more flexible connectors that allow easier cable exits are required. For example, a 1.5-mm terminal may need to be downsized to 1.2-mm, and 18- or 20-gauge wire replaced with 22-gauge wire. Likewise, smaller insulation diameters and lighter weight aluminum wire may need to be used instead of copper wire.

Another option might be to move to single-mode glass or plastic fiber optic cable. One fiber optic line can replace multiple copper wires. Also, some manufacturers are using flat cabling because it can be mounted flat to the sides of the vehicle and does not have to be bundled like traditional wiring (a bundle of wires creates a circular cross section with a larger diameter whereas flat cable does not).

Finally, a communications network for a heavy-duty vehicle must be integrated based on system speed requirements, number of required ports, desired protocols,cable design, cable shielding levels, and connector attachments.That means connector suppliers must also be experts in systems design, preferably working as a team with the customers on initial communication systems designs. Selecting the right interconnect scheme, including overall resistance and shielding of the system, can be critical to creating 24/7 communications systems that help control heavy-duty vehicles now and in the future.

Article source: SAE/Off-Highway Engineering by Gregory LaMirand, Global Business Development Manager; Arnold Perry Tchiegne, Industry Marketing Manager; and Dan Prescott,Director, Key Accounts and Industry Marketing, Molex, LLC. 收起阅读 »

DEUTSCH 369 系列连接器是一系列高可靠性、轻量、紧凑且具有成本效益的连接器，适用于严苛的航空航天环境。
全球连接和传感器领域的领导者 TE Connectivity Ltd. (TE)（纽约证券交易所：TEL）宣布发布该连接器。作为现有 369 系列产品线的扩展产品，可以方便且快捷地安装到 LRU 面板、支架、底盘或框架中。

TE 的 DEUTSCH 369 系列连接器是一系列高可靠性、轻量、紧凑且具有成本效益的连接器，适用于严苛的航空航天环境。此系列经过 Boeing BACC 资格认证，特别适合民用航空航天座舱系统应用。
连接器的设计满足当今日益严格的行业法规和电气配线互连系统 (EWIS) 的最佳实践，并且该系列是目前市场上最通用和最完整的连接器产品之一。

全新的面板安装连接器能够在数秒内安装完成，适合多种面板厚度，接受使用标准 369 导线应力消除尾附件，并且不需要紧固件，同时配有防振面板密封圈。
该产品为矩形，能够有效利用空间进行堆叠，并保持与标准 369 系列连接器完全兼容。电气接口采用瓶塞和三重线密封技术完全密封，适用于在高湿度地区使用。高性能复合材料有助于满足航空航天工业的低烟、低毒性和低易燃性要求。 收起阅读 »

商用 UAV/UAS 制造商正逐渐摆脱陈旧过时、爱好型、子弹形状的有线电池连接，转而投入需要板对板插配的更为优雅可靠的电池套管连接器。这催生了 UAV/UAS 对紧凑、坚稳、大电流密度连接器的需求，而当前却鲜有甚至毫无制造商能够提供。

Molex 的 EXTreme Power 连接器是下一代商用无人机电池应用的理想选择。该产品线中包含：
EXTreme LPHPower™ 系统：在 +30ºC 的温升下每个触点提供 30.0 安的电流，连接器轮廓高度为 7.50 毫米，同时可在电池套管内促进最优的气流。采用混合式电源和信号电路布局，集成了对齐导块，满足多种电气标准要求。
EXTreme Ten60Power™ 系统：在 +30ºC 的温升下每个触点提供 30.0 安和 60.0 安的电流，在可配置的设计中提供低功率与高功率触点，提高设计的灵活性。
EXTreme EnergetiC™ 系统：在 +30ºC 的温升下每个触点提供 50.0 安和 100.0 安的电流，在可配置的设计中提供低功率与高功率触点，提高设计的灵活性。
EXTreme PowerMass™ 系统：在 +30ºC 的温升下每个触点提供 40.0 安、80.0 安和 150.0 安的电流，通过超高电流叶片可实现最大程度的电池功率输出。

EXTreme Power™ 产品*值得信赖、久经验证，非常适合在电池套管应用中使用。
*（EXTreme Ten60Power™ 连接器、EXTreme LPHPower™ 连接器和 EXTreme PowerMass™ 系统）
EXTreme LPHPower™ 系统
7.50 毫米的连接器外形高度,在电池套管中有助生成优质气流
EXTreme LPHPower™ 系统
混合电源和信号电路布局，搭配集成校准导向器,符合坚固自调封装的各种电气和应用要求
EXTreme Ten60Power™ 系统
温度上升 30°C 时，电源触点达 30.0A 和 60.0A,在坚固自调封装中提供小、大功率触点，提升设计灵活性.
10.00 毫米的连接器外形高度,在电池套管中有助生成优质气流.在电源、信号及校准模块均有可配置产品
EXTreme PowerMass™ 系统
温度上升 30°C 时，每个触点达 40.0A 和 150.0A,利用极大电流的刀片，最大程度提高电池电源传输。在电源、信号及校准模块均有可配置产品，在一个坚固自调封装中提供多种不同的大功率触点，完全满足客户要求。
EXTreme LPHPower™ 系统
温度上升 30°C 时，每个触点达 30.0A,每线性英寸可提供多达 127.0A 的出色电流密度
  收起阅读 »

Closed entry female contacts are often used to enhance the performance and reliability of connectors. In many cases, a sleeve is placed over a standard “split tine” contact to achieve the closed entry feature. However, true closed entry contacts have an unbroken ring of solid material at the face of the contact. This design offers a degree of increased reliability while the split tine approach has its inherent weaknesses. The PosiBand overcomes these weaknesses!


PosiBand is more robust than the split tine contact, which can be pried open in
harsh environments, resulting in reduced normal force and degradation of electrical
performance.



Features
• PosiBand has greater surface area at the male and female contact interface,
resulting in more consistent electrical performance.
• Resistance of size 22 contacts is 0.005 ohms, maximum. Resistance of size 20
contacts is 0.004 ohms, maximum. Low contact resistance offers opportunities to
use size 22 and size 20 contacts for power.
• PosiBand has lower average insertion forces, resulting in greater ease in mating,
especially in larger high density connectors. The average lower insertion force is
accomplished while meeting or exceeding performance requirements.
• The PosiBand’s contact body does not require annealing of the crimp barrels, as
does the split tine design. This eliminates concern of unintentionally heat-treating
the mating end of the contact, which can cause electrical failure.
• PosiBand is qualified under SAE AS3902 and MIL-DTL-24308 specifications.
PosiBand is also qualified to the higher 40 gram contact separation test
requirement of GSFC S-311-P4/08 and GSFC S-311-P4/10.
 
  收起阅读 »

ROBUST I/O FOR HIGH RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
The versatile OCTIS™ I/O system, using multiple industry standard interfaces, features high speed signal and power, lightning protection, EMI shielding, and ease of installation for outdoor, compact and harsh environments.
 

Transceiver moves outside the box saving board space and providing better thermal management
Lightning protection, EMI shielding features, and a rugged weather proof design makes it ideal for use in harsh environment applications
Blind mate, float mount, color and physical coding features makes it easy to use and avoids mismating
In field termination or factory terminated and certified cable assembly options available
Use of standard small form factor interfaces enable greater port to port density. This makes it ideal for outdoor applications like small cells, macro cells, smart radios and RRU/RRH.


OCTIS™ I/O system is suitable for various applications with standard connector interfaces like SFP/SFP+, Signal, PoE (Power over Ethernet), Power, Hybrid of Signal & Power and RJ45.

Signal/PoE - Metral® HDXS meets ANSI requirement and CAT 6 performance. Metral® HDXS is designed with dual beam contacts to ensure high reliability and need less panel width when compared to the traditional RJ45. This series is perfectly suitable for Broadband Wireless Access market.
  收起阅读 »

JAE针对产业设备市场的业界标准半间距（1.27mm）接口连接器「DF02系列」做了阵容扩充。
在产业设备的进化过程中，耐候性、小巧、低成本的产品得到越来越多的青睐，JAE在此之前以采用镀镍罩子、可以防止EMI的小而轻连接器「DF02系列」为主力产品，在市场上进行销售。在此基础上，JAE此次又推出了不镀镍的罩子，增加了产品的可选性。此次推出的罩子考虑了客户使用的便利性，可取防止因插头固定螺丝过于拧紧所造成的破还；另外在罩子内配备了接地杆，可实现设备间的接地连接，提高了实用性和产品的品质。


产品优点：
1.罩子内设置子接地片，设备间可实现接地连接
2.插头罩子的特殊结构加强了线束的易加工性
3.固定用螺母与罩子的一体化改善了作业便利性
4.嵌合螺丝先端部配有嵌合固定用隔片，防止因螺丝过于拧紧造成的罩子破损、变形
 
应用市场：
FA设备、PLC，半导体制造装置、通信设备、测量设备、播放设备
 
3M和TE Connectivity也有类似产品推出，如有疑问您可以联系[email]support@contask.com[/email]
 
 
  收起阅读 »

大家好!
 
Conask 连问网站已经开通了5个多月,在这段时间了,承蒙大家的厚爱,网站一直向着我们的目标前进！
在此， 向一直关心爱护连问的新老朋友带去节日的祝愿，祝大家端午节安康、快乐！
我们一定不负众望，努力把网站做好 ！
 
再次感谢大家！
 
Peter


  收起阅读 »

Soldiers need safe and reliable material wherever they operate, even in harsh environments. Our specially designed military connectors are used in most soldier modernization programs, especially in C4ISTAR technologies. Tested to MIL and IEC standards, RoHS and REACH compliant, our vast range of interconnection solutions can withstand severe operating and environmental conditions. Save weight with your military connectors, and protect a soldier in the process.


Solutions for defense applications:
Rugged, lightweight and compact connectors
Easy blind mating, even with gloves
Sealed and hermetic connectors (up to IP68, even unmated)
Extreme temperature resistance
EMI shielded connectors for reliable data transmission
Designed for durability and stealth
 




Fischer Military product lines
ULTIMATE
Rugged, compact and lightweight

RUGGED FLASH DRIVE
Safe storage of sensitive data in harsh environments

BRASS
Original high performance push-pull connectors

MINIMAX
High density, signal & power in one miniature connector

FIBEROPTIC
Robust optical performance for extreme environments
  收起阅读 »

连接器金属接触弹片常用铜合金特点和对比:黄铜,锡青铜,铍铜,镍铜等等

稀释铜合金(Dilute Copper Alloys)
稀释铜合金又称高铜合金，指合金元素含量低于4%的铜合金。作为一组，这些铜合金在所有铜合金中具有最高的导电率和极佳的在一般压力和高压力下的耐腐蚀能力。在足够的成形能力下的拉伸强度被限制在低于大约500Mpa拉伸强度，因为其拉伸强度主要由冷卷(降低成型性能的冷作硬化).该合金组在相对零温度到80摄氏度(华氏176度)之间提供了很好的对压力松驰的抵抗能力。按合金中合金元素含量的比率来计算，上述铜合金的相对导电率有所下降。合金元素自己也极大地影响了传导性能，这是其内部电子结构因素的结果。

C151是一种也具有最低的合金含量(含0.1%左右的锆)和最高的导电率的二元合金。该合金通过铜锆的易扩散以与冷作硬化结合而生成第二阶段颗粒而使其强度提高。留有固体溶解物里的锆元素含量不超过0.02%. C151的最重要的性能是在高温下仍具有很高的抵抗压力释放的能力，尽管其合金元素含量很低。该合金由于在高温下具有比其它高铜合金，包括凝结强化合金，明显的优良性能，因些该合金等级较高,C151在150摄氏度的高温下保温3000小时后仍具有其初使87%的压力；然而强度比凝结合金要低得多。

镁和磷在C155中要反应生成磷化物。这些颗粒在通过从溶液中除去镁和硫而达到高导电率的同时增加了冷作硬化的效应。该合金也需要加入微量的银以在低温回火时提高防止软化的能力。C155应力松弛阻抗在高铜合金中是适度的。低级别的锑和锡(含于低氧铜或磷再氧化的铜) 也能增加软化抗力，如C1443和C145。控制残留的氧对避免生成防止锑元素提高软化阻力的锑氧化物藉非常重要的。这些合金的导电率是很高的，因为留在溶解合金里的合金添加物的含量是很小的。这类合金的压力释放过程并不特别。

C194、C195和C197代表了一组基于铁和磷组成物变化的合金。强度提高是因为当这些合金被冷压以生成调剂时用作增加冷用硬化效应的磷化物的扩散(含有钴，钢和镁元素)。强度和导电率是由添加于C195的溶解强化的锡来均衡的。在该组基于合金的磷化钢中，C197提供了最高的导电率，因为C197含有在其形成过程中生成的混合钢和磷化镁。锌、锡及改善黄铜(Modified Brasses)铜锌合金在用作制造工作温度(环境温度或焦尔热)适中且成本低的电连接器的铜合金中最出名。在这些合金中，C230(含15%锌)和C260(含30%锌)恐怕是最常用的了。在相同的成型能力下，C230的强度并没C260的高，但是这些低合金组成物提供了更高的导电率。锌黄铜合金(包括C230和C260)的压力释放阻力是适度的限制了其使用温度大约在75摄氏度左右(167华氏度)。含有15%或稍少的锌的黄铜合金也更不易受挤压腐蚀裂缝的影响。

锡铜合金
锡铜合金由于比二元铜锌合金具有更好的强度成型组成物和压力释放阻力以及抵抗压力腐蚀裂缝的能力而显得更具特色。锡加入物在强度上是可靠的，因此在冷作硬化时需要降低组成物的含量；更好的成型性能是该举措最直接的效益。通常含有10%锌和2%锡的合金C425作为降低锡合金成本的替代物应用呈上升趋势。C425的导电率与C260不相上下。C425的导电率也比最重要的锡青铜合金要高，但成型性能并设有锡青铜那样好。C425的压力释放阻力也要比上述锌青铜合金好，这允许它应用于达到125摄氏度(257华氏度)高温的环境中。铁，钴，铝及硅等合金加入物和铜锌组成物进一步改善了原本已经高度易成型的基本黄铜合金的一些重要特性。C664(中的铁和钴是扩散的粒子加入物并将导致在与C260相同的强度水平下获得更高的成型性能。合金C664很可能在需要更高强度的应用中作为C260的潜在替代物。

锌黄铜
锌黄铜(C688)的铝和钴等加入物混合了来自对呈现的钴铝合金进行更有效的冷作硬化以获得精炼粒子(10微米以下)的强化功效。该结果是得到一种易成型的合金，该合金提供了不经凝结强化的可得到的最高强度。值得注意的是作为冷作硬化的高效能的组成物，需要更少的工作即可达到所需强度，成型性能在横向与纵向是一样的。与随后说明的凝结硬化合金不同，C668合金及大多数其它黄铜合金的压力释放阻力被限制应用于低于100摄氏度(含锡合金C425除外)的条件。

锡青铜
粗糙的锡青铜也指磷青铜，因为加入的磷(含量在0.03到0.35之间)是为了使金属还原和达到更好的流动性。含量在1%到10%之间的锡通过溶解硬化和增加锡元素给予铜的加工硬化率而达成强度提高。商业上最重要的锡青铜合金是C510和C521。C510合金是最常用的锡青铜合金，当更高的强度/成型能力组成物成为必要时，常使用成本稍高的C521合金。后者高出的成本是由加入的金属基本成本和加入的锡影响热加工而提高的成本组成。含锡量高的青铜必须铸成条状，因此防止大部分成本，热压碎成为了可能。锡铜合金不适用于高电流接触，而应用于电信号传输上更好。锡铜对伸缩的抵抗力直到接近125度都有良好的特性对更高温度时的稳定性要求已促进了锡铜合金向凝结强化合金的转化。锡铜合金有良好的成型性。例如，因为对强度的冷处理要求更少，C521比C510能提供更好的成型性。因此，对于相同的强度C521的应力松弛阻抗力比C510更优。典型地，通过提高冷处理次数对C510的强化处理稍微减小了其伸缩抵力，但可通过减轻退火度得到提高。与其说锡铜的应力腐蚀抵抗力受到影响不如说锡的抵抗力提高。在个观点上，锡铜与锌铜的区别在于锌抵抗力的提高对应力腐蚀敏感性提高有极深地影响。

铝与硅铜
铝铜包括含有硅、铁、钴、或其它附加于铜-铝基材的元素的合金。用于电连接器上的硅铜合金，含有锡及其它附加于铜硅基材中的元素。该组合金中对电连接器有重要商业意义.C638，含有铝及更少量的钴和硅，可以同时提供很高的强度及良好的成型性。精细散布的钴硅化物，具有很小的粒子，包含在该合金中对其硬度有一定影响。该合金在拉力达到近700Mpa时仍保持了相对成型性。C638的应力松弛阻抗力比较适中，限制其利用的温度为75度左右或更低。

C654是一种固溶且经过冷轧的合金，其能提供与C510在125度（最高的推荐应用温度）时相同的应力松弛阻抗力.C654的成型性在690Mpa拉力作用下比C510更优，尽管其导电性大约只有后者的一半。与C510一样，C654实质上不受应力腐蚀分裂的影响。 收起阅读 »

要设计出符合功能要求的连接器，选材非常重要，而选材的基础是要非常了解材料的性能，下面就连接器金属材料性能名词进行解释，希望对大家有所帮助。

  一、化学成分

连接器所用金属材料一般为合金材料，很少用到单一金属材料，合金顾名思义就是有多种金属合成的物质，表明它有多种化学元素组成，比如：
  磷青铜：由铜Cu，锡Sn，磷P，铁Fe，铅Pb，锌Zn等组成，主要成分是铜。
  黄铜：由铜Cu，铁Fe，铅Pb，锌Zn等组成，主要成分是铜。
  不锈钢：由铁Fe，铬Cr，镍Ni，碳C，硅Si，锰Mn，磷P，硫S，铝Al，钴Co，主要成分是铁。

  二、物理特性

  1. 比重（specific gravity）／密度（density）
  比重是一单位容积物质和同一单位水的相对密度，没有单位。而密度是指某物质的质量和其体积的比值，单位是g／cm3。从表面上看，它们的数值都比较接近。在本质上，它们确实也是相互联系的。物体的密度决定了物体的比重，物体的比重是物体密度的特定体现。但它们之间是不同的。物体的密度，反映的是物体内在的特性，是单位体积物体的质量。而物体的质量是确定的。 物体的比重，反映的是单位体积物体的重量。物体的重量是因物体受到重力而产生的，是会发生变化的。

  2. 弹性系数（modulus of elasticity）
  又称杨氏系数，单位N / m2。定义为理想材料在小形变时应力与相应的应变之比 。它是一个材料常数，表征材料抵抗弹性变形的能力，其数值大小反映该材料弹性变形的难易程度。
  弹性系数对连接器的影响：如果连接器端子要求位移形变小，下压行程有限且要求良好接触，此时需选择弹性系数高的材料。

  3.  导电率（electrical conductivity）IACS
  导电率是物质传送电流的能力，是电阻率的倒数 。以温度 20℃的环境，于导体维持单位电位梯度时，流过单位面积的电流，单位S/m。如:铜59.6 × 10^6（S·m-1）/ 0.596 x 10^6 / cmΩ，我们经常以纯铜导电率100 %IACS作基准，172.41 /  阻抗resistivity = % IACS 。
  导电率对连接器的影响：如果连接器要求较低的接触电阻，那么就要选择导电率相对高的材料。

  4. 热膨胀系数（Coefficient of thermal expansion）
  是指物质在热胀冷缩效应作用之下，几何特性随着温度的变化而变化的规律系数。实际应用中，有两种主要的热膨胀系数，分别是：线性热膨胀系数和体积热膨胀系数。大多数情况下，此系数为正值，也就是说温度升高体积扩大。

  5. 热传导系数（Thermal conductivity）
  反应物质的热传导能力，按傅里叶定律，其定义为单位温度梯度（在1m长度内温度降低1K）在单位时间内经单位导热面所传递的热量。单位为W/(m.k)。数值越大表示传热越快。与材料的组成结构、密度、含水率、温度等因素有关。
  热传导系数高的材料受热快相反散热也快，但温升低。温度快速爬升不是连接器使用时所想要的结果。铜合金是热传导系数较高的金属材料，所以用于高温环境下的连接器，特别要注意材料的这一参数。

  三、机械特性（Mechanical Properties）

  1. 屈从强度（Yield Strength）
  又称为降服强度 ，是材料屈服的临界应力值。 当应力超过弹性极限后，变形增加较快，此时除了产生弹性变形外，还产生部分塑性变形。当应力达到B点后，塑性应变急剧增加，曲线出现一个波动的小平台，这种现象称为屈服。这一阶段的最大、最小应力分别称为上屈服点和下屈服点。由于下屈服点的数值较为稳定，因此以它作为材料抗力的指标，称为屈服点或屈服强度 。
  所谓屈服，是指达到一定的变形应力之后，金属开始从弹性状态非均匀的向弹-塑性状态过度，它标志着宏观塑性变形的开始。 
  屈服强度对连接器影响：选择越高屈服强度的金属材料，端子的正向力越大。

  2. 抗拉强度（Tensile Strength）
  当材料屈服到一定程度后，由于内部晶粒重新排列，其抵抗变形能力又重新提高，此时变形虽然发展很快，但却只能随着应力的提高而提高，直至应力达最大值。此后，材料抵抗变形的能力明显降低，并在最薄弱处发生较大的塑性变形，此处试件截面迅速缩小，出现颈缩现象，直至断裂破坏。材料受拉断裂前的最大应力值（b点对应值）称为强度极限或抗拉强度。

  3. 伸长率（Elongation Percent）
  指金属材料受外力（拉力）作用断裂时，伸长的长度与原来长度的百分比。

  4. 硬度（Hardness）
  材料局部抵抗硬物压入其表面的能力称为硬度。固体对外界物体入侵的局部抵抗能力，是比较各种材料软硬的指标。因连接器所有金属材料极薄，以维氏硬度（HV）测量。维氏硬度（HV） 以120kg以内的载荷和顶角为136°的金刚石方形锥压入器压入材料表面，用材料压痕凹坑的表面积除以载荷值，即为维氏硬度值（HV）。
  硬度是连接器选材的一个重要参数。

  5. R/T比
  所谓R（radius）指折弯的内径，T（thickness）指材料的厚度。) 
  如果想要成型出来的产品内径越小，则必须选择R/T比越小的材料。理论上来说，如果R/T比等于零，即表示此材料的折弯表现极优，即使折弯的内R=0，也不会产生裂痕，但一般材料材质证明或特性表所显示的都是90度折弯的数据，很少会显示180度的折弯数据。当然，我们是希望R/T比越小越好，这对产品的微型化还是个好处。
  金属材料以上的特性参数对工程人员进行连接器设计选材时非常重要，特别是要选择一款性价比比较好的材料，这需要非常专业的材料知识，及时了解金属材料新产品的问世和金属材料的发展趋势。正规、专业的金属材料厂商提供的材质证明（物性表），一般都具有以上所述的参数。还有在costdown产品单价需更换低价位的材料或更换原材料厂商时，首先要对比之前所用材料的物性参数，然后再进行打样测试验证。
 
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